Recensión de S. Fish, The trouble with principle, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001.

The two eminent metaphysicians Armstrong and Grossmann exchanged letters for ten years in which they discussed crucial points of their respective ontologies. They have a common basis. Both do metaphysics proper and not linguistic philosophy. Both advocate universals and acknowledge the key position of the category of states of affairs. However, they differ on the simplicity of universals and the nature of states of affairs. There is also a fundamental methodological disagreement between them. Armstrong accepts only the evidence of natural (...) science and has a materialist view on mind while Grossmann is a dualist and grants also the same evidential status to the phenomenological data of perception and introspection. The letters are grouped into three phases. The first is the issue of universals, the second the ontological analysis of laws of nature and the third the ontology of numbers. The book contains also longer comments and reviews, partly not published until now. (shrink)

In this paper we deal with some limitations of the Philosophy of Religion and the Philosophical Theology of Zubiri. In section 1 we discuss ten topics relevant to Phenomenology of Religion as explained in the course The Theologal Problem of Man (1971). They have to do with the intellectual access to God, the nature of faith, religion, the divine and the sacred, the personal and institutional dimensions of religion, the diversity of religions, their historicity, the superiority of theism and Christianity (...) as the supreme truth of religion. In section 2.1 we discuss the approach to the ‘problem of God’ in the Final Writing (1983) of Man and God. Starting from the ‘relatively absolute’ character of human being, Zubiri shows that he is ‘religated’ to the ‘power of the real’. The ‘enigmatic’ nature of this situation would ‘throw us’ towards its ground. In 2.2 we deal with the exposition that he made in the Rome Course (1973) of the ‘path of religation’, which intends to lead from the fact of religation to the reality of an ‘absolutely absolute’ ground of reality. Throughout these three sections we explain the multiple difficulties of historical, phenomenological, epistemological and metaphysical nature that we find in his argumentation. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como principal objetivo el de lograr una comprensión de la filosofía en cuanto fundamento insoslayable para la teología. Sostiene, en pri-mer lugar, la necesidad de desarro-llar una teología más autocosciente en el sentido racional del σὺν λόγω, es decir, desde el programa ple-namente actual de la fides quarens intellectum. Defiende, en segundo lugar, que la filosofía solo puede entenderse partiendo de la pre-tensión que la ha animado desde el comienzo de su andadura: la bús-queda de la verdad (...) de las cosas. Y para este fin ten-drá necesariamente que dotarse de densidad metafísica suficiente y apostar por las tesis de un sano realismo cognoscitivo. Este estudio concluye con una reflexión, en ter-cer lugar, sobre el uso teológico de la filosofía. La tesis que se defiende es que sin el fundamento filosófico, la fe y la teología pierden lo más nuclear de su misión, la posibili-dad misma de presentarse todavía con algún rastro de significatividad para el hombre de hoy. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Diacritics 31.2 (2001) 35-48 [Access article in PDF] Film, Freud, and ParanoiaDalí and the Representation of Male Desire in An Andalusian Dog Ignacio Javier López An Andalusian Dog, one of the most universally acclaimed films in cinema history, is frequently mentioned by critics as a privileged point of reference for the Surrealist rebellion. The film remains enigmatic to this day. Criticism has concentrated on the validity and effectiveness (...) of its images to exemplify the avant-garde attack against social conventions and against the exclusive dominance of rationality in epistemology and social discourse. But this contextual approach does not take account of the script's fragmented narrative, which finds support in Freud's psychoanalytical theories and articulates a radical proposal for identity and culture. Largely neglected by critics, this narrative has been highly influential in the history of cinema. An Andalusian Dog is central to a long list of films that explore different aspects of the irrational, among them Jean Cocteau's Le sang du poète, Hunt Stromberg's The Strange Woman, Guy Debord's script Howling in Favor of the Marquis de Sade, Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound, David Lynch's Blue Velvet, Jonathan Demme's The Silence of the Lambs, and Philip Kaufman's Quills. This impressive list underscores the need for an interpretative critical effort that accounts for the authors' proposal in the context of the Surrealist reaction to convention and tradition.Conventionally An Andalusian Dog has been viewed as a film about sexuality; I suggest that sexuality appears in the film as the pretext for a discussion of the threat sexual desire poses for male identity. In this respect, the film develops ideas that begin to appear in paintings completed by Dalí after his initial contact with Freud's works in the mid-1920s. These paintings display male identity as a fragile form of subsistence unfolding between two alternate forces, desire and fear: the desire for sexual realization and the opposed fear that sexual intercourse will conclude in disease and ultimately in death. Given the scarcity of Buñuel's production prior to 1929, I suggest that Dalí's monumental production of paintings during these years served as a preliminary visual point of reference for the design of some of the images in An Andalusian Dog.By concentrating on Dalí's work, I do not mean to suggest that he deserves exclusive credit for the film; a careful examination of Buñuel's writings clearly indicates that the movie included most of his interests as well. Nonetheless, I would like to correct what has become a common trend in the study of An Andalusian Dog. In the early 1940s, Buñuel and Dalí's friendship came to an abrupt end, and in the following years each claimed sole authorship for the ideas in the film. The conflict between the two artists contaminated critical attitudes, which were guided exclusively by Buñuel's pre-1929 writings on cinema. The recurrence of images in the filmmaker's subsequent work was employed to confirm critics' initial intuitions that the film was exclusively Buñuel's. As a result, Dalí's name became increasingly dissociated from the movie, as is illustrated by the absence of the painter's name on the cover of the English edition of the script. However, the antagonism that separated the artists more than ten years after An [End Page 35] [Begin Page 37] Andalusian Dog premiered in Paris on June 6, 1929, should not be a consideration in our critical understanding of this work. Although Buñuel directed the movie and deserves to be recognized for his undeniable input, we should not forget that he eagerly sought the painter's cooperation in writing the script. Moreover, contrary to Buñuel's later practice of frequently altering the initial script during the course of the film's production, An Andalusian Dog closely follows the original plan. This furthers the idea of the importance of Dalí's contribution, and, despite the opposing claims made by both artists in later years, it certainly appears... (shrink)

The beings that inhabit this vital environment grow in collaboration and harmony with nature, as happens with the evolution of knowledge. The objective of the research was to systematize the information from the interpretation of fauna and flora and the use made by the Aymara during the year; which was described by Van and Enríquez (2002), who used astronomical observation techniques and their sixth sense, in other words, pure Aymara intuition. They believed that the agroclimatic forecasting techniques of the Aymara (...) of the north and south of the Altiplano allowed them to anticipate the months of the year to obtain a good harvest volume and ensure agricultural yields. The research corresponds to a qualitative approach with an ethnographic method with a descriptive nature aimed at interpreting the nature and use made by the Aymara throughout the year. The in-depth interview technique was applied, characterized by face-to-face dialogued interactions and participant observation in the Aymara area of Huancané in the north and the Aymara area of Ilave-Juli in the south. Ten Aymara speakers from both Huancané and Ilave-Juli areas were interviewed, aged between 45 and 80, preferably monolingual in Aymara and also included bilingual Aymara-Spanish speakers. The results show that reading the signs of nature's flora and fauna contributes to agricultural production in different months of the year. (shrink)

Introduction Adolescents’ physical activity (PA) behavior can be driven by several psychosocial determinants at the same time. Most analyses use a variable-based approach that examines relations between PA-related determinants and PA behavior on the between-person level. Using this approach, possible coexistences of different psychosocial determinants within one person cannot be examined. Therefore, by applying a person-oriented approach, this study examined a) which profiles regarding PA-related psychosocial variables typically occur in female sixth-graders, b) if these profiles deliver a self-consistent picture according (...) to theoretical assumptions, and c) if the profiles contribute to the explanation of PA. Materials and Methods The sample comprised 475 female sixth-graders. Seventeen PA-related variables were assessed: support for autonomy, competence and relatedness in PE as well as their satisfaction in PE and leisure-time; behavioral regulation of exercise (five subscales); self-efficacy and social support from friends and family (two subscales). Moderate-to-vigorous PA was measured using accelerometers. Data were analyzed using the self-organizing maps (SOM) analysis, a cluster analysis including an unsupervised algorithm for non-linear models. Results According to the respective level of psychosocial resources, a positive, a medium and a negative cluster were identified. This superordinate cluster solution represented a self-consistent picture that was in line with theoretical assumptions. The three-cluster solution contributed to the explanation of PA behavior, with the positive cluster accumulating an average of six minutes more moderate-to-vigorous PA per day than the medium cluster and ten minutes more than the negative cluster. Additionally, SOM detected a subgroup within the positive cluster that benefited from a specific combination of intrinsic and external regulations with regard to PA. Discussion The results underline the relevance of the assessed psychosocial determinants of PA behavior in female sixth-graders. The results further indicate that the different psychosocial resources within a given person do not develop independently of one another, which supports the use of a person-oriented approach. In addition, the SOM analysis identified subgroups with specific characteristics, which would have remained undetected using variable-based approaches. Thus, this approach offers the possibility to reduce data complexity without overlooking subgroups with special demands that go beyond the superordinate cluster solution. (shrink)

We present an inferentialist account of collective rationality and intentionality, according to which beliefs and other intentional states are understood in terms of the normative statuses attributed to, and undertaken by, the participants of a discursive practice—namely, their discursive or practical commitments and entitlements. Although these statuses are instituted by the performances and attitudes of the agents, they are not identified with any physical or psychological entity, process or relation. Therefore, we argue that inferentialism allows us to talk of collective (...) intentionality and agency without needing to posit the existence of any sort of collective psychology or mind. (shrink)

El choque entre el éthos cívico y las tendencias individuales de los ciudadanos en la Atenas clásica muestra cómo la ciudad hizo frente al reto que suponían algunas opiniones individuales en relación con la cohesión cívica. Mi análisis pretende ilustrar este enfrentamiento tomando como referencia la figura que de Sócrates establece la Apología de Platón; en concreto, su comportamiento ante el tribunal puede arrojar luz sobre cuál podía ser el efecto de ciertas actitudes individuales en el seno del éthos ateniense. (...) El presente estudio no pretende alcanzar un conocimiento en profundidad de la vida política en la pólis ateniense sino más bien ofrecer una reflexión sobre la compleja relación existente entre el individuo y el estado. (shrink)

The Nineteenth Century provides a broad, scholarly introduction to nineteenth-century philosophy. It also contains a glossary of philosophical terms and a chronological table of philosophical and cultural events.

This article defends a selective eliminativist position with respect to the concept of “biological lineage” as used in certain areas of contemporary evolutionary biology. We argue that its primary epistemic roles in these contexts—explaining social evolution and cumulative selection—clash with empirical evidence, and that enforcing the concept of “lineage” even obstructs fruitful research avenues in several biological research fields, including phylogenetic research. Drawing on this, we suggest that, in many instances, it would be best to get rid of the concept (...) of “lineage” and think in terms that are more closely aligned with the empirical complexity of the biological world. Specifically, this entails that, instead of looking for the lineage that may have given rise to the entities possessing certain biological characteristics, biologists should generally look for any potential process allowing such possession, with the formation of a lineage just one possibility among many. (shrink)

Objeto o sujeto de derechos Nature: Object or subject of rights Cartay, Belkis Acerca de la racionalidad científica: Feyerabend y los límites de la argumentación Scientific rationality, Feyerabend and the limits of the argument Castrejón, Gilberto El embrión es vida humana The embryo is human life Chacín, Ronald Ética y política: Las consecuencias prácticas de la modernización en la óptica de una acción comunicativa Ethics and politics: Practical consequences of modernization from the viewpoint of a comunicative act De La Vega, (...) Marta La libertad de expresión: De la doctrina a la ley The freedom of expresion: From doctrine to law Belandria, Margarita y González, Javier Globalización y "Glocalización" frente al debate postmoderno Globalization and "Glocalizacion" in the post-moderne debate Mora García, José Pascual El Derecho en "El Alcalde de Zalamea" Law in "The Mayor of Zalamea" Parodi Remón, Carlos Interdisciplinares La palabra y su universo de sentido Word and its universe of sense Espar, Teresa Procesos existenciales en el ritmo de la poesía Existential processes in the thythm of poetry Hocevar, Drina Traducciones Karl Löwith "Mi vida en Alemania antes y después de 1933" Vasquez, Eduardo. (shrink)

La obra de Laín Entralgo se fundamenta principalmente en la preocupación por el ser humano, por sus interrogantes, sus necesidades y las respuestas que puede obtener en el transcurso de su vida. La maduración de su pensamiento hacia este tema viene dada de una estructura dinámica del ser humano. Es una crítica a Marcel y Paul Ricoeur, al desconocimiento zubiriano de una teoría filosófica del ser humano como actualización y presencia física de un animal de realidades. Para Laín la realidad (...) humana es la compresión de la realidad del hombre a través de su realidad constitutiva, de su realidad dinámica, de su realidad copartícipe con el cosmos y de su realidad conductual. (shrink)

Ortega y Gasset pidió al filósofo la cortesía de la claridad. Las circunstancias del momento presente, en continua transformación, añaden al requerimiento orteguiano otro segundo no menos acuciante: la brevedad. Quien auténticamente sabe algo, acierta a decirlo de forma luminosa y en breve espacio, por ejemplo mil palabras. Y este es el espíritu que anima a Javier Gomá en esta colección de ensayos, o microensayos, que se resume así en su título: Todo a mil. El objetivo es, en un (...) millar de palabras, introducir al lector en la almendra de la reflexión filosófica. Así, por ejemplo, alguno de estos microensayos se arriesgan a definir con precisión cuestiones normalmente difusas como la sabiduría frente a la inteligencia o la dignidad humana; hay unos que abogan por actitudes contracorriente, como los beneficios de estar sentado, el desdén hacia las novedades, las ventajas del chisme o la afirmación gozosa de nuestro tiempo; otros critican ideas recibidas tan asentadas como el prestigio de la transgresión, la noción tradicional de 'vida privada', o la molesta tendencia a la sinceridad excesiva; otros más toman posición respecto a la responsabilidad de la crisis o el significado profundo de la paz social conquistada por el Estado de derecho; mientras otros, en fin, expresan la voz más personal del autor. Con este libro, Javier Gomá da un paso más en su decidida voluntad de hacer una filosofía mundana, abierta a todos, y ofrece así la mejor introducción posible, en mil palabras, a los más serios y perennes problemas filosóficos. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las posibilidades de una racionalidad intercultural y plantear si acaso es posible seguir defendiendo una razón crítica a pesar de que no existan criterios o procedimientos preestablecidos. Retomando el debate en torno a la inconmensurabilidad de las formas de vida y basándonos en los planteamientos de Charles Taylor esbozamos un tipo de racionalidad intercultural capaz de articular argumentos por transiciones entre posiciones inconmensurables. Frente a las «nociones delimitadoras» de Peter Winch, por un lado, (...) y el holismo conceptual de John McDowell, por otro, abogamos por un contacto epistémico con el mundo en un nivel preconceptual, es decir, por debajo o previo al conceptual, el «momento de realidad». Lo más significativo de este modelo de razón intercultural es que su actividad crítico-reflexiva hunde sus raíces en capacidades epistémicas más primitivas que impulsan y alimentan el razonamiento más allá del relativismo. (shrink)

En este ensayo voy a explorar el legado de Aristóteles, Hegel y Nietzsche en Taylor en relación con su enfoque moderno. Creo que rastrear las huellas de los planteamientos de aquellos filósofos ayuda a entender mejor el enfoque de Taylor y la apropiación moderna que hace de ellos. Una pregunta surge de la búsqueda tras las fuentes filosóficas del enfoque de Taylor: ¿Aristóteles, Hegel o Nietzsche? ¿O quizá ninguno? ¿O tal vez todos un poco? Vamos a ver en qué medida (...) dichos filósofos han sido influyentes en el enfoque moderno de Taylor. (shrink)

Jackson has ellaborated an argument to show that our experiences or qualitative states gather information which cannot be obtained in any other way. Functionalists reject in many ways that experience may bring new information. The point of this paper is to argue that, if func-tionalism is right, if experiences or "qualia" are not informative, then functionalism cannot report about them. The functionalist criticism of Jackson's argument makes it impossible for any functionalist theory to know experience.

This paper aims to analyze a specific way in which a scientific programme or area can, in Lakatosian terms, degenerate: namely, through a developmental process of intellectual inflation. Adopting a pluralist approach to the notion of scientific progress, we propose that the historical development of a particular scientific area can be analyzed as being intellectually inflationary during a bounded period of time if it has considerably increased its productive output (thus displaying productive progress) while the overall semantic or epistemic value (...) of those products have not improved in a significant fashion (thus lacking progress in a semantic or epistemic sense). Then, we apply this concept to thoroughly assess whether there are some intellectually inflationary patterns in the development of two areas of research: (i) information-theoretical evolutionary biology in 1961-2023, and (ii) ensemblist non-equilibrium statistical mechanics in 1938-2023. And finally, we argue that tracking and analyzing intellectually inflationary patterns in the history of sciences might contribute to vindicate a non-productivist picture of current scientific research. (shrink)

En el presente artículo, se describen y analizan las características de la metáfora como herramienta retórica y epistemológica desde la perspectiva de Mariano Iberico (1892-1974) en su _Estudio sobre la metáfora_ (1965). Para el filósofo peruano, la metáfora es una instancia mediadora entre lo que sucede fuera del hombre y lo que sucede dentro de él. Es este rasgo mediador el que se revela como posibilidad epistemológica con consecuencias éticas, ya que el conocimiento metafórico se produce a través de mediaciones (...) y aproximaciones que “postulan la existencia de una comunidad espiritual y anímica” entre las diversas esferas de la realidad. Para el análisis, serán útiles la noción de Paul Ricoeur del ser humano como ente mediador y las propuestas sobre la imaginación poética de Gastón Bachelard. (shrink)

The principle of proportionality, which has become the standard test for adjudicating human and constitutional rights disputes in jurisdictions worldwide has had few critics. Proportionality is generally taken for granted or enthusiastically promoted or accepted with minor qualifications. A Critique of Proportionality and Balancing presents a frontal challenge to this orthodoxy. It provides a comprehensive critique of the proportionality principle, and particularly of its most characteristic component, balancing. Divided into three parts, the book presents arguments against the proportionality test, critiques (...) the view of rights entailed by it, and proposes an alternative understanding of fundamental rights and their limits. (shrink)

1. The title of Moran’s book is ‘The Authority of International Criminal Law’.1 However, Moran’s focus is very much on the International Criminal Court (‘ICC’) and selectivity.2 The book is divided...

Globalization focuses on the development of new productive, trade, and economic techniques. However, this process, evolutionary technologically, has involved, paradoxically, an involution in important roles of our political, social, and cultural life, basically, about the misinformation in administrative procedures, the lack of legal security, and an atomization of the individual wills. That’s Ulrich Beck has called “the global risk society”. A society where organized irresponsibility and power relations of some international actors with political and enterprise weight govern important financial and (...) economic resources for their own benefit. “The risk society” has imposed its own political rules of control and loss of control, defining new ways of organization -out of citizens or politicians- governed by those economic forces. In this new scenario, the past does not determine the present events but the future, uncertain and fearsome, makes conditional on the present courses of action. A kind of prevision or precaution on impending disasters determines our future which nowadays does not depend on us but on those in economic and technological control. The new precautionary scenario begins with threats and ends with the demolition of social gains made in recent decades. The outcome of this risk society is the systematic destruction of public values like solidarity, trust, or common good, and their replacement by the primacy of economics over politics and the consideration of the market as the only effective means of allocating resources. Some resources, public in many cases, that are managed in a totally private way, and whose benefits are given up from traditionally considered public goods: education, health care, dwelling, social services, pensions, and indeed justice. Against this, the most consistent solution, most daring and the most difficult passes to reassign new powers to the states, to reinstate the sovereignty of citizens in decisions that affect us, and to share goods and public resources with parameters of ethics and social justice. A task that is not limited to simple political choice of our representatives, but in a personal involvement in all areas of our political, economic and social life. (shrink)

El trabajo propone un análisis discursivo del diálogo entre Jerjes y Demarato previo al ataque persa contra los griegos, dramatizado por Heródoto en 7. 101-104. Se examina la interacción entre los interlocutores a los fines de: a) identificar los roles discursivos y estrategias argumentativas puestas en juego por ambos participantes, b) analizar las identidades sociales construidas en la interacción y la eventual -y remisa- demarcación de un éthos griego y bárbaro, c) especular sobre el significado del episodio en el contexto (...) de las Historias y las connotaciones ideológicas de la presunta relación entre la autocracia persa y la realeza espartana. The paper offers a discursive analysis of the dialogue between Xerxes and Demaratus, prior to the Persian attack on the Greeks, as dramatized in Herodotus 7. 101-104. The interaction between the interlocutors is closely explored in order to: a) outline the discursive roles and argumentative strategies deployed by either participant, b) address the social identities constructed throughout the interaction and the prospective, albeit hazy, delineation of a Greek and barbarian éthos, c) speculate on the significance of the episode in the context of the Histories and the ideological implications of the alleged relationship between the Persian autocracy and Spartan kingship. (shrink)

El sentido que la educación liberal posee para Michael Oakeshott se concentra en que ésta consiste en un aprendizaje de las disciplinas humanísticas y científicas. Dichas disciplinas se muestran valiosas ya que tienen la virtud de desarrollar el intelecto y la sensibilidad humanas y porque aportan, además, una comprensión operativa de lo que son nuestro yo, la sociedad, la naturaleza y la cultura. No obstante, como también es sabido, los fines que la educación liberal se propone pecan un tanto de (...) idealistas, de manera especial cuando se insiste, como muchos han hecho desde los antiguos griegos, en que dicha educación es un fin en sí misma. En parte, lo demuestra la presencia permanente en nuestra cultura occidental de unos espacios de aprendizaje (‘schola’) que se conciben como si estuvieran separados del aquí y ahora en que transcurre la vida cotidiana. (shrink)

Resumen Este artículo analiza las posibilidades actuales de la propuesta de T. W. Adorno en torno a su visión de las relaciones entre el arte y la verdad; para esto se exploran algunos pasajes de Teoría estética, donde plantea dos ideas centrales en su reflexión: por un lado, los contenidos de verdad que se revelan en las obras de arte y, por otro, los alcances de una subjetividad individual que aún puede pensar en las posibilidades de una vida emancipada. Para (...) Adorno, las obras de arte son la expresión de una verdad concebida subjetivamente, pero que excede cualquier intención puramente individual y, como fuerza de resistencia, puede mostrar aquello que escapa a la representación objetiva. De acuerdo con esto, la hipótesis inicial es que, independientemente de la posición o intencionalidad del autor, el arte contribuye al esclarecimiento de diversos fenómenos éticos y políticos debido a la codificación histórica de la forma y, sobre todo, por la autonomía de la obra de arte.This article analyzes the current possibilities of T. W. Adorno’s proposal regarding his vision of the relationships between art and the truth; for this, some passages of Aesthetic Theory are explored, in which he raises two central ideas in his reflection: on the one hand, the truth contents that are revealed in the artworks and, on the other, the scopes of an individual subjectivity that can still think about the possibilities of an emancipated life. For Adorno, works of art are the expression of a truth that is subjectively conceived, but that exceed any purely individual intention and, as a force of resistance, can show what escapes objective representation. According to this, the initial hypothesis is that, regardless of the position or intentionality of the author, art contributes to the clarification of various ethical and political phenomena due to the historical codification of form and, above all, by the autonomy of the work of art. (shrink)

El objetivo de este estudio se plantea, en términos de filosofía jurídica, la siguiente cuestión: ¿como debería reaccionar nuestro sistema judicial ante la presencia de otros sistemas regulativos obligatorios para grupos sociales distintos de la mayoria? Previamente el articulo erige un concepto viable de pluralismo cultural evitando los reduccionismos subyacentes: el reduccionismo que identifica pluralismo cultural con el impacto de corrientes migratorias en la unión europea; el reduccionismo que deriva del mantenimiento de la imposibilidad de existencia de derechos de grupo; (...) el reduccionismo que considera patológica la diversidad; el reduccionismo que equipara el pluralismo cultural con el pluralismo de valores; etc. Se llega así a la conclusión de que, en primer lugar, la cultura es conflicto, de juicio, y en segundo lugar, que la búsqueda de "una identidad cultural propia" es un proyecto sin pretensiones. La parte final de este análisis explicita el problema en la unión europea y enfrenta las relaciones entre pluralismo y relativismo desde el punto de vista de la teoría de los derechos humanos. (shrink)